Drug resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) - producing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species from the views of one-health approach in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Estimated rate of MDR in gram-negative bacteria from humans, animals/food, and the environment

Type of bacteria	Sources of isolates and estimated multidrug- resistance (95% CI)			Overall pooled MDR: ES (95%CI), I² = % p = value	Heterogeneity of the studies
Type of bacteria	Humans	Animals/Food	Environment	Overall pooled MDR: ES (95%CI), I² = % p = value	Heterogeneity of the studies
E. coli	0.43 (0.23, 0.63)	0. 36 (0.24, 0.50)	0.42 (0.21, 0.65)	0.41 (0.30, 0.53), I² = 93.17% p = 0.000	No, p = 0.573
Klebsiella spp	0.86 (0.64, 0.98)	―	0.70(0.32, 0.98)	0.80(0.61, 0.96), I² = 97.38% p = 0.000	No, p = 0.409
Salmonella spp	―	0.29 (0.12, 0.42)	―	I² = 89.78% p = 0.000	―
Pseudomonas spp.	0.79 (0.61, 0.93)	―	0.54 (0.47, 0.62)	0.74 (0.57, 0.88), I² = 96.79% p = 0.000	Yes, p = 0.015
Acinetobacter spp.	0.92 (0.75, 1.00)	―	0.83 (0.45, 1.00)	0.89 (0.74, 0.98), I² = 97.01% p = 0.000	No, p = 0.573
Proteus spp.	0.33 (0.08, 0.64)	―	0.94 (0.89, 0.97)	0.48 (0.13, 0.83), I² = 98.60% p = 0.000	Yes, p = 0.000
Citrobacter spp.	―	―	0.39 (0.05, 0.81)	I² = 98.84%, p = 0.000	-
Enterobacter spp.	0.41 (0.34, 0.49)	―	0.55(0.02, 1.00)	0.47(0.11, 0.86), I² = 98.85%, p = 0.000	No, p = 0.692

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