Table 2 Respondents’ responses in relation to their residential backgrounds, a cross-sectional survey on fruit bat-human interaction in Pakistan; one health perspective, 2022

Presence of pets or any other animal in your house

0.000

1.98 (1.60–2.44)

508 (61%)

278 (44%)

0.001

1.606 (1.24–2.06)

649 (56%)

137 (44%)

Aware bats have role in spread of rabies

0.000

1.668 (1.35–2.06)

427 (51%)

244 (39%)

0.001

0.646 (0.50–0.83)

503 (46%)

168 (54%)

Observed bats in their area

0.028

0.770 (0.60–0.97)

585 (70%)

476 (75%)

0.815

1.034 (0.78–1.37)

839 (73%)

222 (72%)

Knowledge of which bats can feed on blood

0.658

0.954 (0.77–1.17)

373 (45%)

290 (46%)

0.016

1.36 (1.06–1.77)

542 (47%)

121 (39%)

Have a suspected bat bite over lifetime

0.006

1.445 (1.11–1.87)

193 (23%)

109 (17%)

0.491

0.899 (0.66–1.21)

234 (21%)

68 (22%)

Have seen bats discard food (e.g., fruit)

0.000

1.531 (1.21–1.94)

266 (32%)

148 (23%)

0.000

0.375 (0.29–0.49)

274 (24%)

140 (46%)

Aware of rabies vaccine preventable disease

0.277

1.133 (0.905–1.41)

592 (71%)

432 (68%)

0.659

0.940 (0.71–1.24)

805 (70%)

219 (71%)

Knowledge of a rabies awareness campaign in their area

0.400

1.108 (0.87–1.40)

218 (26%)

153 (24%)

0.316

0.865 (0.65–1.15)

286 (25%)

85 (28%)

Aware of clinical signs associated with rabies

0.860

0.981 (0.80–1.21)

363 (45%)

278 (44%)

0.00

1.406 (1.08–1.82)

526 (46%)

115 (37%)

Have visited a doctor after bitten by a bat or a dog

0.000

1.643 (1.33–2.04)

381 (46%)

214 (34%)

0.175

1.196 (0.92–1.55)

480 (42%)

115 (37%)

Rabies in a near or extended family member

0.087

1.221 (0.972–1.54)

260 (31%)

171 (27%)

0.01

0.721 (0.55–0.94)

323 (28%)

108 (35%)