Table 1 Body parts used for zootherapy, taxonomic classification of animals used, and associated preparation and administration routes
Body part | #a | Taxonomic groups used | Preparation | Administration Route |
|---|---|---|---|---|
meat | 68 | any animal, ungulate, domestic chicken, primate, reptile, domestic dog, carnivore, rodent, crab, domestic ungulate | direct heat | oral |
reptile, primate, ungulate | direct heat | oral (extract) | ||
primate, ungulate | direct heat | subcutaneous | ||
ungulate | direct heat | topical (skin) | ||
snail | raw | topical (eye) | ||
any animal, ungulate, carnivore, domestic ungulate, rodent, reptile, elephant, bird | raw or direct heat | non-specific contact | ||
ungulate | unknown | unknown | ||
skin | 48 | carnivore, ungulate, domestic cat, reptile, primate, pangolin, elephant | passive heat | topical (skin) |
ungulate, rodent, carnivore, pangolin | passive heat | unknown | ||
reptile, domestic cat, carnivore, domestic ungulate | passive heat | non-specific contact | ||
reptile | passive heat | oral (extract) | ||
ungulate, carnivore, reptile | direct heat | oral | ||
reptile | direct heat | topical (skin) | ||
ungulate | direct heat | oral (extract) | ||
ungulate | direct heat | topical (inhaled) | ||
hard parts | 42 | ungulate, primate, reptile, elephant, crab, rodent | dried (various mechanisms) | topical (skin) |
bird, reptile, elephant, primate, ungulate | dried (various mechanisms) | unknown | ||
primate, ungulate, reptile | dried (various mechanisms) | enema | ||
primate, ungulate, rodent, reptile | dried (various mechanisms) | subcutaneous | ||
ungulate, primate, snail, elephant | dried (various mechanisms) | non-specific contact | ||
domestic chicken, reptile, elephant | dried (various mechanisms) | no direct contact | ||
primate, reptile | dried (various mechanisms) | oral | ||
snail | dried (various mechanisms) | topical (eye) | ||
ungulate, pangolin, reptile | direct heat | oral | ||
reptile | direct heat | enema | ||
rodent | direct heat | topical (inhaled) | ||
whole animal/parts | 41 | reptile, bird, primate, carnivore | unknown | unknown |
domestic ungulate, elephant, primate, rodent, ungulate, domestic chicken, reptile | raw or direct heat | non-specific contact | ||
domestic dog, domestic chicken | live | non-specific contact | ||
ungulate, domestic chicken | direct heat | oral | ||
reptile, pangolin | unknown | topical (skin) | ||
elephant, domestic dog | rinsed | enema (extract) | ||
internal organs | 20 | bat, reptile, rodent, ungulate, domestic chicken | direct heat | oral |
reptile, primate, rodent | direct heat | oral (extract) | ||
reptile | direct heat | topical (skin) | ||
carnivore, reptile | raw | topical (skin) | ||
domestic cow | raw | non-specific contact | ||
rodent, reptile | liquor | oral (extract) | ||
bird, ungulate, carnivore | unknown | unknown | ||
other parts | 20 | bird bone marrow, ungulate ear | direct heat | oral |
bird eye | unknown | unknown | ||
bird feathers | raw | topical (skin) | ||
bird feathers | raw | unknown | ||
carnivore whiskers | raw | oral | ||
domestic chicken egg | raw | non-specific contact | ||
feces | 13 | ungulate, reptile, elephant, carnivore | dried or fresh | topical (skin) |
elephant, reptile | dried or fresh | subcutaneous | ||
carnivore | dried or fresh | enema | ||
elephant, primate | liquor | oral (extract) | ||
fat | 11 | reptile | raw | topical (skin) |
domestic dog | direct heat | subcutaneous | ||
reptile, elephant | direct heat | oral | ||
reptile | unknown | unknown | ||
other bodily fluids | 10 | reptile, elephant | liquor | oral |
elephant | raw | oral | ||
reptile | antivenom | intravenous | ||
fur | 8 | bat, carnivore, primate, rodent | raw | topical (skin) |
rodent, primate | raw | oral | ||
domestic dog | raw | subcutaneous | ||
blood | 4 | domestic dog, domestic chicken, domestic ungulate | raw | non-specific contact |
primate | raw | topical (skin) | ||
unknown | 4 |