Table 6 Subgroup analysis of prevalence estimates of Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli strains in human stool and the associated risk factors in Ethiopia

Age group

Under five children (UFC)

6.4(4.1–8.9)

1.10

95.8%

665.4(<  0.01)

under 15

4.7(2–10.6)

1.10

81.7%

32.8(<  0.01)

Adult

4.2(2.6–6.7)

1.10

78.3%

87.4(<  0.01)

All age group

4.2(2.1–8.1)

1.10

92.7%

137.2(<  0.01)

Stool condition

Diarrheic

5.6(3.9–7.5)

1.20

94.8%

840.1(<  0.01)

Unidentified

7(2.8–16.1)

1.20

96.0%

125.9(<  0.01)

Non-diarrheic

3.3 (1.8–5.8)

1.20

76.5%

63.7(<  0.01)

Administrative regional states or city council

Amhara

4.2(2.4–7.1)

1.19

97.1%

592.6(<  0.01)

Oromia

5.5(2.5–9.2)

1.19

80.9%

52.5(<  0.01)

SNNP

3.8(2.1–6.7)

1.19

78.0%

68.3(<  0.01)

Addis Ababa

8.1(4.4–14.2)

1.19

93.7%

189.9(<  0.01)

Dire Dawa and Harari

6.6(2.6–15.9)

1.19

84.8%

26.3(<  0.01)

Others

3.4(1–11.1)

1.19

80.7%

15.5(<  0.01)

Geographic area

Northwest Ethiopia

3.6(2–6.4)

1.22

97.3%

559.9(<  0.01)

Central Ethiopia

7.6(4.6–12.1)

1.22

92.8%

264.8(<  0.01)

Southern Ethiopia

3.4(1.6–5.5)

1.22

80.0%

70.1(<  0.01)

Eastern Ethiopia

6.6(2.5–16.2)

1.22

84.8%

26.3(<  0.01)

Southwest Ethiopia

5.7(2.4–12.9)

1.22

79.2%

28.8(<  0.01)

Others parts of Ethiopia

4.9(1.6–14.3)

1.22

76.4%

12.7(<  0.01)

Study area (town or district)

Northwest eth areas

3.8(1.3–10.6)

1.05

87.8%

32.8(<  0.01)

Other

4.7(1.4–8.5)

1.05

82.8%

0.3(<  0.01)

Hawassa

2.1(0.9–4.5)

1.05

47.0%

15.1(<  0.06)

Addis Ababa

8.1(4.6–13.8)

1.05

93.7%

189.9(<  0.01)

Central Ethiopia areas

6.6(2.4–17.1)

1.05

95.4%

65.1(<  0.01)

East Ethiopia towns

6.6(2.7–15.2)

1.05

84.8%

26.3(<  0.01)

Gondar

1.1(0.4–3.2)

1.05

0.0%

3.9(<  0.43)

Bahir Dar

7.7(3.4–16.2)

1.05

98.6%

359.2(<  0.01)

Jimma

5.8(2.6–12.4)

1.05

79.2%

28.8(<  0.01)

South Ethiopia area town

7(3.3–14.3)

1.05

71.8%

21.3(<  0.01)

Publication year

2016–2020

4.8(3.3–6.5)

1.22

90.2%

450.2(<  0.01)

2011–2015

6.1(3.6–10.2)

1.22

97.2%

573.8(<  0.01)

2000–2010

3.9(1.4–10.5)

1.22

84.7%

26.2(<  0.01)

Actual study year

2011–2015

7.3(4.9–10.8)

1.07

95.6%

594.3(<  0.01)

2016–2020

4.2(2.8–6.1)

1.07

87.8%

236.9(<  0.01)

2006–2010

2.9(1.2–6.9)

1.07

90.3%

51.5(<  0.01)

2000–2005

5.1(1.7–14.2)

1.07

77.5%

13.4(<  0.01)

Study design

HFB R-s

7.9(2.7–20.4)

1.15

91.8%

48.6(<  0.01)

HFB CS-s

5.6(3.9–7.5)

1.15

94.9%

880.1(<  0.01)

IB Cs-s

3.6(2–6.5)

1.15

80.6%

61.8(<  0.01)

CB Cs-s

2.2(0.5–9)

1.15

69.4%

6.50.04

Diagnostic technique

C–Gs and Bt

4.7(3.3–6.3)

1.26

91.8%

575.6(<  0.01)

C– Bt and ser

5.9(3.4–9.9)

1.26

96.7%

510.4(<  0.01)

Molecular

6.3(0.7–39.7

–

–

–

Sample size

≤100

7.9(3–18.9)

1.32

69.4%

19.6(<  0.01)

101–200

5.1(3.2–7.9)

1.32

89.1%

229.8(<  0.01)

201–300

4.4(2.5–7.6)

1.32

92.7%

220.2(<  0.01)

301–400

2.8(1.2–6.3)

1.32

89.9%

69.6(<  0.01)

> 400

7.5(3.1–13)

1.32

98.5%

525.5(<  0.01)