Table 2 Summary of eligible studies of FBD and variables used for prevalence estimates of pathogens in human stool samples in Ethiopia

Eschechia coli

[37]

2014

Central Ethiopia

other

other

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

70

0

0.00(0.04–10.27)

Eschechia coli

[38]

2017

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Bahir Dar

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

344

35

10.17(7.39–13.84)

Eschechia coli

[39]

2012

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Bahir Dar

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

422

204

48.34(43.60–53.11)

Eschechia coli

[40]

2015

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hawassa

HFB retro

All age

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

170

0

0.00(0.02–4.50)

Eschechia coli

[41]

2017

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

under 15

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

290

13

4.48(2.62–7.57)

Eschechia coli

[41]

2017

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

140

8

5.71(2.88–11.01)

Eschechia coli

[42]

2015

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

253

61

24.11(19.24–29.76)

Eschechia coli

[43]

2007

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Gondar

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

384

0

0.00(0.01–2.04)

Eschechia coli

[44]

2016

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hawassa

HFB CS

Adult

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

102

2

1.96(0.49–7.50)

Eschechia coli

[44]

2016

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hawassa

HFB CS

Adult

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

113

0

0.00(0.03–6.62)

Eschechia coli

[45]

2013

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

253

61

24.11(19.24–29.76)

Eschechia coli

[46]

2015

Eastern Ethiopia

Dire dawa

Dire dawa

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

196

25

12.76(8.77–18.20)

Eschechia coli

[24]

2016

Central Ethiopia

Amhara

D/ Berhan

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

163

47

28.83(22.40–36.25)

Eschechia coli

[47]

2018

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Gondar

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

257

5

1.95(0.81–4.59)

Eschechia coli

[48]

2015

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

D/Markos

HFB retro

UFC

Unidentified

C, Gs and BT

50

1

2.00(1.95–17.02)

Eschechia coli

[48]

2015

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

D/Markos

HFB retro

All age

Unidentified

C, Gs and BT

58

1

1.72(0.24–11.24)

Salmonella

[29]

2014

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, BT, Ag and Mol

957

59

6.17(4.81–7.88)

Salmonella

[49]

2016

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

99

7

7.07(3.41–14.10)

Salmonella

[50]

2017

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hosanna

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

204

2

0.98(0.25–3.83)

Salmonella

[38]

2017

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Bahir Dar

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

344

6

1.74(0.79–3.83)

Salmonella

[51]

2012

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Bahir Dar

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

422

33

7.82(5.61–10.80)

Salmonella

[52]

2017

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

A/Minch

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

167

21

12.57(8.34–18.52)

Salmonella

[40]

2015

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hawassa

HFB retro

All age

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

170

5

2.94(1.23–6.87)

Salmonella

[53]

2002

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

205

22

10.73(7.17–15.76)

Salmonella

[54]

2016

Southeast Ethiopia

Oromia

Bale Robe

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

139

7

5.04(2.42–10.19)

Salmonella

[54]

2016

Southeast Ethiopia

Oromia

Goba

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

283

22

7.77(5.17–11.52)

Salmonella

[55]

2001

Southwest Ethiopia

Oromia

Jimma

HFB CS

Adult

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

152

11

7.24(4.05–12.59)

Salmonella

[41]

2017

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

140

4

2.86(1.08–7.36)

Salmonella

[41]

2017

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

under 15

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

290

7

2.41(1.16–4.98)

Salmonella

[56]

2003

Southwest Ethiopia

Oromia

Jimma

HFB CS

under 15

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

430

21

4.88(3.21–7.37)

Salmonella

[57]

2012

Southwest Ethiopia

Oromia

Jimma

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

179

12

6.70(3.85–11.43)

Salmonella

[57]

2012

Southwest Ethiopia

Oromia

Jimma

HFB CS

under 15

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

260

16

6.15(3.80–9.81)

Salmonella

[58]

2014

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Gondar

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

372

4

1.08(0.40–2.83)

Salmonella

[29]

2014

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, BT, Ag and Mol

160

10

6.25(3.40–11.23)

Salmonella

[13]

2016

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Wegera

CB CS

UFc

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

112

1

0.89(0.13–6.06)

Salmonella

[59]

2012

Northern Ethiopia

Tigray

Mekele

HFB CS

under 15

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

260

19

7.31(4.71–11.17)

Salmonella

[59]

2012

Northern Ethiopia

Tigray

Mekele

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

115

14

12.17(7.34–19.51)

Salmonella

[42]

2015

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

253

10

3.95(2.14–7.19)

Salmonella

[60]

2015

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

under 10

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

22

0

0.00(0.13–26.81)

Salmonella

[61]

2019

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hawassa

HFB CS

under 15

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

263

1

0.38(0.05–2.65)

Salmonella

[43]

2007

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Gondar

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

384

6

1.56(0.70–3.43)

Salmonella

[44]

2016

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hawassa

HFB CS

Adult

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

102

7

6.86(3.31–13.70)

Salmonella

[62]

2014

Southwest Ethiopia

Oromia

Jimma

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

176

19

10.80(6.99–16.30)

Salmonella

[62]

2014

Southwest Ethiopia

Oromia

Jimma

HFB CS

under 10

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

54

6

11.11(5.08–22.60)

Salmonella

[45]

2013

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

253

10

3.95(2.14–7.19)

Salmonella

[46]

2015

Eastern Ethiopia

Dire dawa

Dire dawa

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

196

7

3.57(1.71–7.30)

Salmonella

[63]

2017

Western Ethiopia

Gambella

Gambella

IB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

134

4

2.99(1.12–7.68)

Salmonella

[64]

2012

Central Ethiopia

SNNP

Butajira

HFB CS

under 15

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

174

22

12.64(8.47–18.46)

Salmonella

[64]

2012

Central Ethiopia

SNNP

Butajira

HFB CS

Adult

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

208

18

8.65(5.52–13.32)

Salmonella

[65]

2011

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hawassa

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

158

4

2.53(0.95–6.55)

Salmonella

[66]

2007

Eastern Ethiopia

Harari

Harar

HFB CS

Adult

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

244

28

11.48(8.04–16.12)

Salmonella

[67]

2016

Western Ethiopia

Oromia

Nekemt

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

422

30

7.11(5.01–9.99)

Salmonella

[68]

2017

Central Ethiopia

Oromia

Adama

HFB CS

All age

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

232

20

8.62(5.63–12.98)

Salmonella

[28]

2014

Central Ethiopia

Oromia

Ambo

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

239

3

1.26(0.41–3.82)

Salmonella

[69]

2012

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Bahir Dar

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, BT and Ag

422

33

7.82(5.61–10.80)

Salmonella

[24]

2016

Central Ethiopia

Amhara

D/ Berhan

HFB CS

UFC

Diarrheic

C, Gs and BT

163

5

3.07(1.28–7.16)

Salmonella

[70]

2009

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Bahir Dar

IB CS

Adult

Mixed

C, Gs and BT

384

6

1.56(0.70–3.43)

Salmonella

[71]

2006

Southwest Ethiopia

Oromia

Jimma

HFB CS

under 15

Mixed

C, BT and Ag

400

10

2.50(1.35–4.58)

Salmonella

[71]

2006

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB CS

under 15

Mixed

C, BT and Ag

825

55

6.67(5.15–8.58)

Salmonella

[72]

2016

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

D/Markos

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

220

8

3.64(1.83–7.10)

Salmonella

[73]

2013

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

172

6

3.49(1.58–7.55)

Salmonella

[74]

2018

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hawassa

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

236

5

2.12(0.88–4.99)

Salmonella

[55]

2001

Southwest Ethiopia

Oromia

Jimma

HFB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

220

0

0.00(0.01–3.51)

Salmonella

[75]

2017

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Wolkite

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

170

8

4.71(2.37–9.13)

Salmonella

[13]

2016

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Wegera

CB CS

UFC

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

113

1

0.88(0.12–6.01)

Salmonella

[47]

2018

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

Gondar

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

257

3

1.17(0.38–3.56)

Salmonella

[44]

2016

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Hawassa

HFB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, BT and Ag

113

4

3.54(1.33–9.05)

Salmonella

[76]

2015

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

A/ Minch

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

345

24

6.96(4.71–10.17)

Salmonella

[77]

2016

Eastern Ethiopia

Harari

Harar

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

417

15

3.60(2.18–5.88)

Salmonella

[63]

2017

Western Ethiopia

Gambella

Gambella

IB CS

UFC

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

134

2

1.49(0.37–5.77)

Salmonella

[78]

2017

Southern Ethiopia

SNNP

Sodo

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, BT and Ag

387

35

9.04(6.56–12.34)

Salmonella

[79]

2017

Eastern Ethiopia

Dire dawa

Dire dawa

CB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

218

13

5.96(3.49–10.00)

Salmonella

[80]

2016

Southwest Ethiopia

oromia

jimma

IB CS

Adult

Nondiarrheic

C, Gs and BT

50

9

18.00(9.64–31.11)

Salmonella

[81]

2015

Central Ethiopia

A.A

A.A

HFB retro

All age

Unidentified

C, Gs and BT

136

43

31.62(24.36–39.89)

Salmonella

[48]

2015

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

D/Markos

HFB retro

UFC

Unidentified

C, Gs and BT

50

12

24.00(14.16–37.67)

Salmonella

[48]

2015

Northwest Ethiopia

Amhara

D/Markos

HFB retro

All age

Unidentified

C, Gs and BT

58

24

41.38(29.51–54.34)