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Table 1 Factors associated with HEV IgG positivity in humans

From: Sero-molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in pigs and human contacts in Ghana

Variable

Negative (%)

Positive (%)

P-value

Total

334

210

 

Age group (a)

  

<  0.001*

 13–32

192 (59.1)

63 (30.3)

 

 33–52

87 (26.8)

77 (37)

 

 53–90

46 (14.2)

68 (32.7)

 

Highest educational level

  

<  0.001*

 No formal school education

122 (36.5)

129 (61.4)

 

 Tertiary

27 (8.1)

8 (3.8)

 

 Middle School

17 (5.1)

5 (2.4)

 

 Junior High School

69 (20.7)

26 (12.4)

 

 Senior High School

43 (12.9)

11 (5.2)

 

 Primary School

56 (16.8)

31 (14.8)

 

Religion

  

<  0.001*

 No religion

5 (1.5)

7 (3.3)

 

 Christian

229 (68.6)

115 (54.8)

 

 Muslim

73 (21.9)

48 (22.9)

 

 Traditional

27 (8.1)

40 (19)

 

Gender (a)

  

0.179

 Female

137 (41.3)

98 (47.6)

 

 Male

195 (58.7)

108 (52.4)

 

Marital status of respondent

  

<  0.001*

 Single

106 (31.9)

30 (14.6)

 

 Married

210 (63.3)

164 (80)

 

 Cohabiting

5 (1.5)

0 (0)

 

 Divorced

6 (1.8)

2 (1)

 

 Separated

1 (0.3)

1 (0.5)

 

 Widowed

4 (1.2)

8 (3.9)

 

Region

  

<  0.001*

 Ashanti

53 (15.9)

21 (10)

 

 Greater Accra

23 (6.9)

4 (1.9)

 

 Northern Region

29 (8.7)

33 (15.7)

 

 Upper East

167 (50)

146 (69.5)

 

 Volta Region

62 (18.6)

6 (2.9)

 

Do you use pipe as your source of water (a)

  

0.022*

 No

267 (80.2)

185 (88.1)

 

 Yes

66 (19.8)

25 (11.9)

 

Do you use a well as your source of water (a)

  

0.54

 No

264 (79.3)

161 (76.7)

 

 Yes

69 (20.7)

49 (23.3)

 

Do you use a borehole as your source of water (a)

  

<  0.001*

 No

150 (45)

62 (29.5)

 

 Yes

183 (55)

148 (70.5)

 

Do you have toilet facility in your home (a)

  

0.035*

 No

168 (50.6)

126 (60.3)

 

 Yes

164 (49.4)

83 (39.7)

 

Do you use stream as your source of water (a)

  

0.015*

 No

324 (97.3)

210 (100)

 

 Yes

9 (2.7)

0 (0)

 

Do you consume pork (a)

 No

134 (40.2)

199 (59.8)

 

 Yes

81 (38.6)

129 (61.4)

0.766

Contact with Pigs

 No

184 (55.1)

96 (45.7)

0.041*

 Yes

150 (44.9)

114 (54.3)

 
  1. *Shows signirficance for variable with p-value < 0.05; a denotes variables that had missing data points in them. The proportions shown are based on available data provided by respondents and not on the total positive and negative for all participants. NB: All proportions calculated are based on the complete set of column data for positive and negative