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Table 1 Study Population Characteristics by Case-Control Status

From: A pilot case-control study using a one health approach to evaluate behavioral, environmental, and occupational risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka

Factor

Level

Control

n (%)

Case

n (%)

P-Value

N

 

54

56

 

Age, mean (SD)*

 

49.5 (11.7)

57.5 (9.6)

< 0.001

Gender*

Female

27 (51)

16 (29)

0.017

Male

26 (49)

40 (71)

Diabetes mellitus Diagnosis

Yes

13 (24)

2 (4)

< 0.001

No

41 (76)

54 (96)

Farming as occupation*

No

14 (28)

3 (6)

0.002

Yes

36 (72)

51 (94)

Drinking water source

Dug Well

48 (89)

52 (93)

0.47

Rain Water

6 (11)

5 (9)

0.7

Treat drinking water

Drinking

34 (63)

41 (75)

0.19

Keep livestock

Livestock

17 (31)

19 (34)

0.78

Smoking status

Tobacco

8 (15)

14 (25)

0.18

Cannabis

2 (4)

7 (12)

0.092

Chew betel*

Betel

22 (41)

40 (71)

0.001

Alcohol a problem in village

Not a Problem

13 (27)

11 (21)

0.85

Minor Problem

17 (35)

20 (38)

Moderate Problem

10 (20)

9 (17)

Major Problem

9 (18)

12 (23)

Alcohol consumption

Any Alcohol

22 (41)

33 (59)

0.056

Arrack

19 (35)

27 (48)

0.17

Beer

14 (26)

16 (29)

0.76

Kasippu

13 (24)

18 (32)

0.35

Pesticide use*

Any

42 (78)

52 (93)

0.025

Fungicide

21 (44)

29 (55)

0.27

Herbicide

41 (76)

51 (91)

0.032

Insecticide

42 (78)

44 (79)

0.92

  1. *Significance attributed as p-value < 0.05