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Table 2 Surveillance attributes and integration mechanisms extracted from the articles included in the review (n = 102 studies)a

From: A systematic review on integration mechanisms in human and animal health surveillance systems with a view to addressing global health security threats

Attribute

Mechanism

No. of articles

References

Acceptability

Interconnectivity

3

[30,31,32]

Interoperability

3

[33,34,35]

Semantic consistency

2

[36, 37]

Convergent integration

10

[13, 38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]

Cost-effectiveness

Interconnectivity

2

[31, 47]

Interoperability

4

[48,49,50,51]

Convergent integration

3

[43, 52, 53]

Data quality

Interconnectivity

2

[54, 55]

Interoperability

8

[35, 56,57,58,59,60,61,62]

Semantic consistency

8

[36, 63,64,65,66,67,68,69]

Convergent integration

6

[40, 52, 70,71,72,73]

Flexibility

Interconnectivity

2

[74, 75]

Interoperability

7

[33, 50, 57, 60, 76,77,78]

Semantic consistency

2

[36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]

Convergent integration

4

[44, 79,80,81]

Positive predictive value

Interconnectivity

1

[82]

Interoperability

6

[49, 50, 83,84,85,86]

Semantic consistency

3

[87,88,89]

Convergent integration

2

[90, 91]

Representativeness

Interconnectivity

1

[92]

Interoperability

2

[58, 93]

Semantic consistency

1

[64]

Sensitivity

Interconnectivity

10

[30, 55, 82, 92, 94,95,96,97,98,99]

Interoperability

16

[10, 34, 50, 51, 55, 78, 83,84,85,86, 100,101,102,103,104,105]

Semantic consistency

10

[37, 67, 68, 87, 89, 106,107,108,109,110]

Convergent integration

8

[39, 40, 72, 80, 90, 111,112,113]

Simplicity

Interconnectivity

3

[31, 54, 114]

Interoperability

2

[78, 115]

Semantic consistency

2

[36, 106]

Convergent integration

2

[44, 91]

Stability

Interconnectivity

1

[32]

Interoperability

2

[115, 116]

Convergent integration

1

[117]

Timeliness

Interconnectivity

7

[54, 96, 97, 99, 114, 118, 119]

Interoperability

10

[10, 34, 48, 77, 93, 103, 116, 120,121,122]

Semantic consistency

9

[63, 64, 66, 69, 89, 123,124,125,126]

Convergent integration

15

[23, 40, 43, 70, 72, 73, 91, 113, 117, 127,128,129,130]

  1. aData source: PubMed, HINARI, Web of Science, Science Direct and advanced Google search engines
  2. Search strategy: PUBMED database
  3. 1. Surveillance
  4. 2. Monitor
  5. 3. Monitoring
  6. 4. Monitored
  7. 5. 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4
  8. 6. Integrate
  9. 7. Integration
  10. 8. Integrated
  11. 9. Integrating
  12. 10. 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9
  13. 11. Animal health
  14. 12. Human health
  15. 13. Public health
  16. 14. One Health
  17. 15. 11 OR 12 OR 13 OR 14
  18. 16. System
  19. 17. Systems
  20. 18. 16 OR 17
  21. 19. 5 AND 10 AND 15
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